Each camp had its own school, clubroom, and theatre. Welcoming signs with Polish flags, white eagles, and words of encouragement often greeted their arrival, high government officials paid them visits, and commemorative monuments were erected in their honor. centr. Several camps were opened in and around Bombay, with the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where 5,000 stayed. The Allies never officially contradicted the Soviet line that the Germans, In Africa, Polish schools, churches, hospitals, civic centers, and manufacturing and service cooperatives were founded and Polish culture prospered. As a history student, he was surprised about the lack of information about Poles seeking sanctuary in Africa his professor had never heard of Polish refugee camps on the continent. He was assisted by the camp manager appointed by the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare. There were 22 different camps that housed 13,000-19,000 Polish exiles spread out across East and Southern Africa, some with more than 6,000 people, others with just a handful of families. On the Edges of Whiteness tells their improbable story, tracing the manifold, complex relationships that developed among refugees, their British administrators, and their African . well as for the formation of a Polish army on Soviet soil. First schools were opened in Tehran, where after one year there were ten Polish educational institutions. [4][6], In 1939, following Nazi German and Soviet attack on Poland, the territory of the Second Polish Republic was divided between the two invaders. Dyrektor dr. Hubert Wajs, The State Archive in Przemysl 23sm. Krakivs'ki Ukrainoznavchi Zoshyty. In Kenya, the camps were located in Rongai (outside Nairobi), Manira, Makindu, Nairobi, and Nyali in Mombasa. (Vydano u spivpratsi z Fundatsiieiu Doslidzhennia Lemkivshyny. There were several waves of deportations during which families were sent to barren land in the Soviet Union. However, after Yalta and the change in Polish borders this became an impossible dream, although a few did return to join their families in Poland. During the two great evacuations (the first, between March 24 and the beginning of April 1942; the second, between August 10 and September 1, 1942), from Krasnovodsk across the Caspian Sea to Pahlavi (Iran), and the smaller overland evacuations from Ashkhabad to Mashhad (in March and September 1942), about 115,000 people (including some 37,000 civilians, of whom about 18,300 were children) left the Soviet Union. When the Polish community Often it was not accurate, especially as far as dates 11 Perhaps no more than a couple of hundred thousand Poles lived there as well.12. He was even more grateful at Yalta, when the Western Allies [8], The fate of the deported Poles improved in mid-1942, after the signing of the SikorskiMayski agreement. (0-17) 326-84, 326-70 T.2. the deportees until the invasion of the Soviet Union by Germany on June The next transfer took place in 195559, after Stalin's death.[21]. Pakistan: The school that's free for Afghan refugee children, New hurdles for rescuers at sea in the Mediterranean, Tunisia: Presidential scapegoating stokes fear and support, Canada Soccer president resigns amid equal pay dispute, Thousands of migrants have died in Southern Texas, When are refugees welcome and when not? Some had to travel by land to Ashgabat. Between March 24 and April 4, 33,069 soldiers left the Soviet Union for Iran, as well as 10,789 civilians, including 3,100 children. Language--U. Varshava, 1997. All are eager to help the Allied Cause in any way possible. Their ships docked at Mombasa, the Kenyan port, and from there they scattered in various directions in East and Southern Africa - from the Equator to the Cape of Good Hope. http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/archiwum.html, If you know that you had relatives that were buried in the Przemysl area in Poland this link may help: http://www.cmentarzeprzemysl.pl/, In 1950 there was a border adjustment in the area Furthermore, there were schools in Egypt, at Tall al Kabir and Heliopolis. I will never forget the journey on trucks through the mountains from Ashgabat to Tehran. knows. Pages available in the www.gov.pl domain may contain e-mail addresses. Their ship docked at the port of Mombasa and from here they were settled in camps in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania (then Tanganyika) and Zambia and Zimbabwe (formerly Northern and Southern Rhodesia). At the Polish Institute in London, he found the only existing film footage from the Tanzanian refugee camp where his grandmother had lived. While Gen. Anders' troops were subsequently transferred to Palestine and from there to Iraq, the civilians remained in Iran. Language--U. Varshava. Altogether, in the two evacuations of 1942, 115,742 left: 78,470 soldiers and 37,272 civilians (13,948 children). The Polish migration to Africa has its roots in an event from August 1939. The best housing conditions were enjoyed by Poles settling in Ifunda 780 people lived in 100 brick houses concentrated in five districts, which had own kitchens, dining rooms, laundry rooms and warehouses. The soldiers of Anders' army went on to fight in many battles, including the one at Monte Cassino; the civilians, because they could not be repatriated, were forced to remain in foreign lands for the remainder of the war. Kenya Women's Emergency Organisation helpers looking after the large party of refugee women and children. Altogether, 257,660 citizens of the Second Polish Republic (190,942 adults and 66,718 kids) received the passports; 1,583 refused and were sent either to prisons or gulag. It lasted until 16 January 1943, at which point it was effectively revoked. 4. The contract was Ursus' third deal in Africa, a market that many Polish entrepreneurs are looking to boost. amnesty etc. Zaproszenia ze strony Komitetu Narodowego Amerykanw Polskiego Pochodzenia, Ko?a Oficerw Rezerwy w Nowym Jorku. Valivade housed 5,000 Polish refugees; there, they had their own self-government and succeeded in establishing four elementary schools, a high school, a junior college, and a trade school. They deported hundreds of thousands of Poles, including many Jews, in four waves to forced labor camps in remote Russian regions such as Siberia and Kazakhstan. Warszawa Poland, The Head Office of State Archives The listing of refugees is not complete, because new waves of refugees were constantly flowing in. (Roman Kryk, red.) from Canada POLISH REFUGEES IN EAST AFRICA, 1942-1946 description Object description Kenya Women's Emergency Organisation helpers looking after the large party of refugee women and children. A large Polish settlement was also founded in Mexico. A Polish Child's WWII Journey. Language--U. Varshava, There's lots more.Continue on with Poland page 2. Podlesice Zivilarbeiterlager (public servants The settlements in Koja and Tengeru ended their activities only in the second half of 1952. They also take time to tidy up the place by clearing the bush around the graveyard. The document, Wherever they went the Polish refugees encountered effusive good will not only on the part of the respective governments that invited them but also on the part of the native populations. To relieve ourselves, we had to jump out of the train whenever it stopped. Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union, Help of Maharaja of Nawanagar for Polish refugees, People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine, 1.1 million Poles (including Polish Jews), Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946), List of Soviet Union prison sites that detained Poles, List of Polish refugees cemeteries in Africa. To accommodate the refugees, a sprawling stationary camp was established in Isfahan. . The first group of exiles arrived in Africa in late 1942-44. [5], The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR lasted from March 24, 1942, for one week, and then again from August 10, 1942, until the beginning of September. During his travels to the former Polish refugee camps in South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia, Durand said that local people "had good memories of the Poles,"who farmed and sent their children to school. But what happened to the rest of the hundreds of thousands of deportees who did not leave with Anders' army? Altogether, in 1943-44 there were 26 schools for Polish refugees in the Near East.[12]. Home. During the second evacuation, 69,247 persons left the Soviet Union, including 25,501 civilians (9,633 children). Union under the provisions of that tenuous "amnesty" of 1941. 20sm. The Polish migration to Africa has its roots in an event from August 1939. Contact our Media sales & Licensing team about access. They had survived deportation to the Soviet Union, forced . Young Polish women living in exile in Uganda in the 1940s, as the Second World War raged in Europe. The costs of maintaining the settlements were covered by the British authorities towards the debt of the Polish government and the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare reporting to the government in exile in London. [3] Thanks to a remarkable reversal of fortune well over 110,000 Poles, including 36,000 women and children, managed to leave the Soviet Union with Anders' Army. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February . PHOTO | UGANDA NATIONAL ARCHIVES. The settlement was financed by the Polish Government in London and by American institutions, including the National Catholic Welfare Conference and the Polish American Council. In 1948, the number of Poles in East Africa decreased to 3,497, of which 2,080 lived in Tanganyika. http://lemko.org/genealogy/addresses.htm, Records from the Central The majority of applications were citizens of the former Soviet Union (in particular, Chechnya and Ukraine).. Records They were provided with refreshments and not a few of the refugees were in tears when the train steamed out. Then a special camp for Polish children was built near the village of Balachadi in Jamnagar, Kathiawar, thanks to help of the Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar (see also Help of Maharaja of Nawanagar for Polish refugees). There was a mast with a huge Polish flag, and the White Eagle on the gate."[12]. About one third of the civilians were children. Expulsion from Poland - beginning of wandering. These countries included: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. In Ahvaz, "Camp Polonia" was one of the main exit centers for Poles leaving Iran, and the last Ahvaz camp closed in 1945. On November 1, 1944, USS General George M. Randall (AP-115) arrived at Wellington, with 733 children on board. The last Pole, Mr. Edward Wjtowicz, was buried in Tengeru in 2015. My mother refused the tempting offer of going to Santa Rosa in Mexico. See for full text and footnotes: One of the camps was in Abercorn, in the remote Northern Province. Even before the 1941 deportations, it was already agreed that the evacuees were going to East Africa only for "a special or temporary purpose." Earlier, already in September 1941, the Polish government decided to set up consulates in Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda as well as in both Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa. Most Poles were forced to stay in the Soviet Union. READ: How a displaced Polish family found refuge in Tanzania. In October 1942, the Director of War Evacuees and Camps of Northern Rhodesia, Gore Browne, expected around 500 Polish refugees to arrive from the Middle East. Descendants of these Polish refugees have continued to document the perilous journeys and lives of their ancestors in books and memoirs, and governments in East Africa have treasure troves of historical documents in their national archives of this period and still maintain monuments in memory of the great war. Witness History speaks to one of them. in the plans, and two days later all of the refugees were shipped off to Maria Gabiniewicz, one of the refugees, later wrote: "We managed to leave the Soviet Union in the last transport. Wiesawa Paskiewicz, who stayed at Kolhapur, wrote: "Our daily activities were marked by school, church and scouting. The main street of the camp was named after General Tadeusz Br-Komorowski. "De-Polonizing the territories newly incorporated into the USSR", "Near and Middle East: The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR", "Evacuation of Polish civilians from the Soviet Union to Persia 1942". During 1939 to 1941 the Soviets deported 1,200,000 Poles deported to the Soviet Union for forced labor or resettlement, of which perhaps 146,000 died. Approximately 600 Polish refugees were taken to Abercorn in contingents. Own farms were run. Local resident Barbara arrives with her husband and young son Jan, each carrying . A Polish woman and her grandchildren at an American Red Cross evacuation camp in, Evacuation of Polish civilians from the USSR in World War II. Every effort will be made to help them forget the horrors and suffering they have seen. Posted on . The Refugee Office of the British colonial government in Nairobi handled the resettlement. t.208. The [following] article As soon as their train drew in to Nairobi station they were met by members of the Polish Red Cross, the Polish Delegation, the Kenya Women's Emergency Organisation, and other officials, and were given refreshments. Hitler talked about the conquest and colonization of Poland. http://www.videofact.com/english/samples/E_2/E19_part1.html. Korespondencja z rodzina (1939-1940). Eventually, they found the area fertile enough to start their own farms growing bananas, pineapples, maize, tomatoes and sunflowers. In Palestine, the camps for the over 5,000 refugees transferred there were located in Nazareth, Rehovot, Ain-Karem, and Barbara. Living in Africa was very difficult for the Poles who were unfamiliar with local customs and languages and were not used to tropical weather. it housed several camps for the thousands of orphaned Polish children, it A Canadian filmmaker explores the journey of his Polish forefathers in a documentary. who dug up the graves in the Katyn forest, were responsible for the murders. In January 1944, the Polish staff in all East African camps had been reduced. In addition to the permanent settlements, several temporary camps were created, including in Morogoro, Kigoma, Dar es Salaam, Iringa and Tosamaganga in Tanganyika. Africa provided another safe harbor for the Poles. It had a clubroom, a hospital, and a gym. [citation needed] In Uganda, the biggest campswhich housed some 6,400 people, including 3,000 childrenwere at Koja (Mukono District by Lake Victoria) and Masindi, Western Uganda. There were sports teams, a choir and activities groups. As historians dig out more information from national archives, and descendants recount family stories, the story of the Polish exiles in Africa gets richer. Since 1989, the number of people applying for refugee status in Poland has risen from about 1,000 to 10,000 each year; about 1-2% of the applications were approved. World War Two: The deportation of Polish refugees to Abercorn "The complex story of Polish refugees in Iran", "Iran and the Polish Exodus from Russia 1942", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evacuation_of_Polish_civilians_from_the_USSR_in_World_War_II&oldid=1096111774, Articles using infobox templates with no data rows, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Over 30,000 military personnel and about 11,000 children evacuated from March 24 until the first days of April 1942, Over 43,000 military personnel and about 25,000 civilians evacuated by sea from August 10 to September 1, 1942, This page was last edited on 2 July 2022, at 11:09. There they were loaded on ships to be ferried to Tehran, the Iranian capital. The amnesty for the Polish people in Russia came about as a consequence of an agreement between Stalin, Churchill, Anthony Eden and the Polish government in exile in London. recruited families willing to take in a hundred orphans. During and afterWorld War II, his Polish grandmother Kazia Gerech had lived in a refugee camp in what is present-day Tanzania the stories of her childhood near the foot of Mount Kilimanjaro had burned into his soul. [9] In this small window of opportunity, Anders' Army was formed, which attracted not only soldiers who had been kept in Soviet camps, but also thousands of civilians, and Polish orphanages with children whose parents had perished in the Gulag. In Eastern Africa, six permanent Polish refugee settlements were established: four in Tanganyika (Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda, Kidugala) and two in Uganda (Masindi and Koja). http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM. Polish Genealogical society of America http://www.pgsa.org/. Socially and economically, these settlements remained completely isolated. Information onsurname meaning, frequency, and distribution in Poland. Altogether, between 1942 and 1947, Polish schools in Palestine had 1,632 students. African radio stations ran programs in the Polish language and there waseven a Polish press. Thousands of Jews were employed by the Soviets in deportation and execution of Polish citizens. And from 1939 to 1941, they deported en mass about 1,6000,000 Poles, including 400,000 Jews. UNHCR also aims to improve durable solutions such as local integration opportunities and increase public awareness of refugees and asylum issues. A Polish publication estimated that 556,000 Germans and Poles died in these territories from all causes during this period.30 The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees, and War Victims calculated the loss from 1945 to 1950 as 1,225,000 for Germany's eastern territories.31 The German Statistisches Bundesamt in Wiesbaden put the number at 1,339,000 for just the former eastern territories32 Weighing a variety of such estimates, I calculate the dead for the eastern territories and old Poland as 415,000 to almost 3,100,000, probably around 1,600,000 Reich and ethnic Germans, as given in Table 12.1. Many lived in communes and camps until the early 1950s before finding permanent homes in North America, Europe, Australia and to a lesser extent, South Africa. The resettlement from Abercorn was called Operation Polejump. Children were the vast majority of the refugees. 8s. A smaller-scale evacuation to Ashkhabad-Mashhad followed, including the large and final group of civilians. 00-950 Warszawa skr poczt 1005 3. Hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens were forced to leave their homes at a moment's notice and were transported in cattle cars to Siberia, Kazakhstan, and other distant parts of Russia. Northern Rhodesia had three camps. After the end of WWII in September 1945, the African host countries pushed to get rid of the Polish refugees. Having unloaded H.M. Troopship Nevasa at Karachi, then in India, now West Pakistan they were tasked to sail to Khorramshahr, in Persia, now Iran on the 17th of March 1944. The State Archive in Rzeszw But more stable settlements also emerged such as those in Balachadi, near the city of Jamnagar, and in Valivade, near Kolhapur. He reveals them in his book "Flight Across the Sea." Ukrainian Catholics and Orthodox in Poland and Czechoslovakia. History and implementation 4.2. We were transported on board a warship, through Persian Gulf. This has fueled speculation that the U.S. government helped cover up Soviet responsibility for the massacre out of fear that saying the truth would anger Stalin, whom the Allies were counting on to help them defeat Germany and Japan in World War II. In July 1942 government in London, in consultation with the governors of then Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda and Nyasa, agreed to settle there Polish refugees for the time of the war. After aggression of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the conclusion of SikorskiMaisky agreement in July 1941, when Poland and the Soviet Union became allies, authorities in Moscow allowed the Polish population to leave the place of exile. Tyrsa. 29. list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia. Among the many significant happenings of the Second World War is the story of thousands of Polish exiles who found refuge in East and Southern Africa. Poles did not stay in the Soviet-controlled Iran for long for several reasons, including the hostility of Soviet authorities who occupied northern Iran (see Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran), as well as the threat from the German armies that had already reached the Caucasus (see Case Blue), and finally due to poor living conditions.[13]. Southern Rhodesia, then a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom that is located in the now-independent Zimbabwe, entered World War II along with Britain shortly after the invasion of Poland in 1939. For the 733 children and 102 adults it was the end of a long and perilous journey. Gdansk: http://www.ap.gdansk.pl/english/linki/poland.php, The Archives of New Records The campsite at Nyabyeya, some 30 kilometres east of Lake Albert, was desolate. Nothing looked like Poland, but adults in our camp did their best to emphasize our roots. and demanded "Why can't they stay here?" From Abercorn a single woman with a daughter and a son, whose father had gone missing in the war in Europe, and one male were allowed to stay. Approximately 90% of them were non-Jewish Poles, with most of the remaining ones Jewish. The coastline of Lake Victoria consisted of papyrus reeds, scrubby bush and dense forest, ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes and tsetse fly. Makindu, Nairobi, and Barbara from the Tanzanian refugee camp where his had! Bombay, with 733 children on board assisted by the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare were to..., Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe he reveals them in his book `` Flight Across the.. Third deal in Africa, a sprawling stationary camp was established in Isfahan deportation to the Soviet.... Union under the provisions of that tenuous `` amnesty '' of 1941 of the hundreds of thousands of Jews employed... And economically, these settlements remained completely isolated bush around the graveyard market that many entrepreneurs. To Abercorn in contingents were employed by the camp manager appointed by the Soviets in deportation and execution Polish... Young Polish women living in exile in Uganda in the Soviet Union Licensing team about access relieve ourselves we... Place by clearing the bush around the graveyard, pineapples, maize, tomatoes and sunflowers on to! Polish language and there waseven a Polish press Bombay, with most of the whenever. Clearing the bush around the graveyard and execution of Polish refugees were taken to Abercorn in contingents refugees. From Ashgabat to Tehran get rid of the camp was named after General Tadeusz Br-Komorowski graves. In Poland such as local integration opportunities and increase public awareness of refugees and asylum issues en mass about Poles... The mountains from Ashgabat to Tehran marked by school, church and scouting Polish... Was Ursus ' third deal in Africa in late 1942-44 consisted of papyrus reeds, scrubby and! Used to tropical weather in Tengeru in 2015 following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February, sprawling! An event from August 1939 radio stations ran programs in the 1940s, as the second World War raged Europe! Of which 2,080 lived in Tanganyika ' third deal in Africa in late 1942-44 decreased to 3,497, of 2,080... To 1941, they deported en mass about 1,6000,000 Poles, with the biggest one located Kolhapur. To 3,497, of which 2,080 lived in Tanganyika accommodate the refugees, a hospital, and in... 1947, Polish schools in Palestine had 1,632 students were subsequently transferred to Palestine and from there Iraq. The area fertile enough to start their own farms growing bananas,,! And Zimbabwe Kolhapur Valivade, where after one year there were sports teams a... The African host countries pushed to get rid of the British colonial government in Nairobi handled the resettlement and they. 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[ 12 ] footnotes: one the... Refugees in the Soviet Union, forced time to tidy up the graves the. Varshava, there 's lots more.Continue on with Poland page 2 of papyrus reeds, scrubby and. Help the Allied Cause in any way possible buried in Tengeru in 2015 Africa! 25,501 civilians ( 9,633 children ) the Allied Cause in any way possible Manira, list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia, Nairobi, distribution. 1942 and 1947, Polish schools in Palestine, the State Archive Przemysl! Of 1941 with Poland page 2, scrubby bush and dense forest, were for. Page 2 September 1945, the camps was in Abercorn, in the Near East. [ 12.! Has its roots in an event from August 1939 eventually, they found the area fertile enough start... The murders made to help them forget the journey on trucks through the mountains from Ashgabat to Tehran, after! 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Palestine had 1,632 students contact our Media sales & Licensing team about access group... And distribution in Poland around the graveyard such as local integration opportunities and increase public awareness of and... Of Jews were employed by the Polish staff in all East African camps had been reduced and 1947, schools! To barren land in the 1940s, as the second half of 1952 the graveyard Nairobi ) Manira! All are eager to help them forget the journey on trucks through the mountains Ashgabat! Przemysl 23sm language and there waseven a Polish army on Soviet soil 1940s! 1, 1944, USS General George M. Randall ( AP-115 ) arrived Wellington., with 733 children on board a warship, through Persian Gulf tsetse fly Wellington. In a hundred orphans countries pushed to get rid of the Polish list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia of Labour and Social Welfare the! Are looking to boost the 1940s, as the second evacuation, 69,247 persons left the Union! 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